Present Perfect Tense in Spanish

Despite its name, the present perfect tense in Spanish (and English as well) is used to refer to events that happened in the past. Its use in Spanish can be tricky, however, because its usage varies with region and it sometimes is used in slightly different ways than it is in English. In Spanish, the present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of haber followed by the past participle. (In English its the present tense of to have followed by the past participle.) It generally indicates that an action has been completed that has some bearing on the present. Forms of Present Perfect Tense Here are the forms in which the present perfect would be stated. Pronouns are included here for clarity but often arent necessary: yo he past participle (I have ...)tà º has past participle (you have ...)usted/à ©l/ella ha past participle (you have, he/she has ...)nosotros/nosotras hemos past participle (we have ...)vosotros/vosotras habà ©is past participle (you have ...)ustedes/ellos/ellas han past participle (you have, they have ...) Note that while in English, as in some of the examples above, it is possible to separate the have from the past participle, in Spanish you normally dont separate  haber  from participles. However, if haber applies to two participles, the second haber can be omitted, as in the second sample sentence below. Sample Sentences Here are some examples of sentences using the present perfect tense along with the way theyd most commonly be translated: Me he comprado una esponja rosa. (I have bought a pink sponge.) ¡Es lo mejor que he visto y escuchado en mi vida! (Its the best thing I have seen and heard in my life!) ¿Alguna vez has hablado con las ranas a medianoche? (Have you talked with the frogs at midnight?)Todos lo hemos pensado. (All of us have thought it.)Minerva ha conocido ya a los padres de su novio. (Minerva has already met her boyfriends parents.)Siempre he anhelado tener un metabolismo con el cual pueda comer lo que quiera. (I have always wanted to have a metabolism that would let me eat whatever I want.)Hay videojuegos que han hecho historia. (There are video games that have made history.)He leà ­do y acepto la polà ­tica de privacidad. (I have read and I accept the privacy policy.) Subjunctive Use The subjunctive present perfect functions in much the same way: Mi amiga niega que su madre haya comprado un regalo para el perro. (My friend denies that her mother has bought a gift for the dog.)Titular: 14 piscinas que no se parecen a nada que hayas visto antes. (Headline: 14 swimming pools that dont seem like anything you have seen before.)Es probable que hayan escondido micrà ³fonos en la casa y està ©n escuchando nuestras conversaciones. (It is likely that they have hidden microphones in the house and are listening to our conversations.)El la eleccià ³n mà ¡s sucia que hayamos conocido en los à ºltimos tiempos. (It is the dirtiest election that we have known in recent times.) Present Perfect With Meaning of the Preterite You should be aware, however, that the Spanish present perfect tense should not always be thought of as the equivalent of the English present perfect tense. In many regions, it can be used as the equivalent of the English simple past tense. Sometimes the context will make this clear: Ha llegado hace un rato. (She arrived a little bit ago.)Cuando lo he visto no he podido creerlo. (When I saw it I couldnt believe it.)Leo la carta que me han escrito esta maà ±ana. (I am reading the letter they wrote to me this morning.)Esta maà ±ana he estado en Madrid. (This morning I was in Madrid.) But even where the context doesnt dictate so, the present perfect can be the equivalent of the English preterite, also known as the simple past. This is especially true for events that occurred very recently. Youre also more likely to hear the present perfect used in this way in Spain than in most of Latin America, where the preterite may be preferred (e.g., llegà ³ hace un rato). Key Takeaways The present perfect tense is formed by following the present tense of haber with a past participle.No words should intervene between haber and the participle.The Spanish present perfect sometimes is used to indicate than an action recently took place rather than merely that it has occurred.

Emotional Intelligence And Speech Pathology Students

INTRODUCTION Therapy students, including those studying occupational therapy, physiotherapy and speech pathology, often experience difficulties during clinical placements in the final stages of their university program. These difficulties are occasionally so pronounced that students fail their clinical placements REF. The difficulties during clinical placements are related to a range of underlying reasons including underdeveloped communication, interpersonal, intrapersonal and social skills interacting with colleagues and patients (REF). The authors reasoned that a reason for these difficulties may be that therapy students’ emotional intelligence is under-developed when these clinical placements commence. For the purpose of this study, the following hypothesis was proposed: Hypothesis 1: The emotional intelligence scores for 3rd year occupational therapy, physiotherapy and speech pathology students, before they commence full-time clinical placements that, will be lower than the population norms. Although healthcare settings are similar, the competencies required of occupational therapy, physiotherapy and speech pathology students differs between each of the three professions REF. As such, the professionals may attract students with similar but varying personal attributes. Different groups of professionals have been shown to have differing emotional intelligence profiles (REF). The authors reasoned that there would be differences in the emotional intelligence profile ofShow MoreRelatedSpeech in Relation to Intelligence and Success2427 Words   |  10 PagesSpeech is an essential part of our everyday lifestyle, and it is likely that very few people stop to think about how much it influences their day. From waking up in the morning and greeting a sibling, spouse, or child, to interacting with coworkers at a job or students in a class, every individual uses speech in one way or another throughout his or her day. It forms such an important part of our lifestyles that without thi s essential part of communication, many would have difficulty getting theirRead MoreDigital Communication, By Sherry Turkle Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pagesour society or as the harbinger of its downfall. Modern communication methods such as texting, tweeting, IM’ing, and other forms of digital interaction have been credited as a new wave in learning techniques or as the end of verbal exchange and intelligence in today’s youth. Various authors have offered their opinions either for or against nonverbal digital dialog backed by differing amounts of personal and structured research. In the essay â€Å"No Need to Call†, originally published in the book AloneRead MoreCase Study Of A User Undergoing A Radiographic Examination Or Procedure3265 Words   |  14 Pages Case study of a user undergoing a radiographic examination or procedure Student I.D S149389 Word count: 2730 MI5-The Service User For this case study I will evaluate the care consideration for my patient with autism and how their additional needs were met in the X-ray department in order to accommodate the patient. We will consider the care of the service user and the adaptations in order to meet the needs of the patient. Throughout this examination we will look at legislations, policiesRead MoreEssay special education11975 Words   |  48 Pagesit all in a little book called International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps. All these terms refer to the consequences of disease, but consider the consequences at different levels.   The disease produces some form of pathology, and then the individual may become aware of this: they experience symptoms.   Later, the performance or behaviour of the person may be affected, and because of this the person may suffer consequences such as being unable to work.   In this generalRead MoreDescription Of An Example Of A Presentation8050 Words   |  33 PagesGlossary of Terms Accommodations –adaptations to presentation or setting that can typically and easily occur in general education – they do not involve modifying the material content but do allow students to receive information in a more effective manner. Assistive Technology Device – any item, piece of equipment, or product system whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain or improve the functional capabilities of a person with a disabilityRead MoreReflective Practice As A Radiation Therapy3358 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction I alongside with other radiation therapy students were privileged to hear Carlas’ story from a patient point of view. Her journey through being treated for breast cancer. I could feel a strong sense of conviction in her words. She stayed strong and did not waver when speaking. I was shocked yet amazed at her confidence to tell it so clearly. It was my first time receiving insight from a radiation therapist. This paper will explore the feelings I experienced during and after this timeRead MoreAbnormal Psychology. Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior20707 Words   |  83 Pagessuch as relying too strongly on the medical model. Our focus on the DSM reflects recognition of its widespread use, not an endorsement. In the DSM, abnormal behavior patterns are classified as â€Å"mental disorders.† Mental disorders involve either emotional distress (typically depression or anxiety), significantly impaired functioning (difficulty meeting responsibilities at work, i n the family, or in society at large), or behavior that places people at risk for personal suffering, pain, disability,Read MoreCommunication Disorders7061 Words   |  29 PagesCOMMUNICATION DISORDERS What is Communication Disorder? †¢ a speech, language and hearing disorder which refers to problems in communication and in related areas such as oral motor function. †¢ The symptoms vary depending on the particular type of communication disorder, but they generally center around problems communicating. †¢ Children with communication disorders have deficits in their ability to exchange information with others. COMMUNICATION †¢ a multidimensional dynamic process thatRead MoreModern Gadgets Implications to Teenagers6102 Words   |  25 Pagesreducing TV viewing time to a great extent, and in spending the time in family chatter instead. We have much to learn from each other as persons and no artificial media can substitute human warmth and interaction when it comes to improving emotional intelligence. So, we should put our foot firmly down and reduce the TV viewing time of the family in the best interests of everyone. Computers: Though computers have become almost indispensable today, too much time in front of the screen can be damagingRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSelf-Awareness 46 Self-Awareness Assessment 46 Emotional Intelligence Assessment 47 The Defining Issues Test 48 v Cognitive Style Indicator 52 Locus of Control Scale 52 Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale 54 Core Self-Evaluation Scale (CSES) 56 SKILL LEARNING 57 Key Dimensions of Self-Awareness 57 The Enigma of Self-Awareness 58 The Sensitive Line 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and

English Legal System UK Civil Legal Process

Question: To be acceptable to ordinary people, I believe [the] legal process in litigation must be designed to encourage, first, settlement by agreement; secondly, open and speedy trial if agreement is not forthcoming. In other words. Justice, not truth is its purpose. It is against criteria of justice and fairness that the system must be assessed. (Lord Scarman) Critically assess the UKs civil legal process. Answer: English Legal System The legal system of every country promises justice to be delivered accurately and quickly. Every person who has suffered physically, economically or mentally approaches the Court of law in its country that guarantees the sufferer or the injured a promise of redressal of his sufferings. As the citizen of the country believes in its justice system and the rule of law, they refrain from taking the law into their hands and believe that justice will be delivered to them some day from the Courts following the adequate rule of law. Therefore, the judicial system of every country has the responsibility to assure inexpensive and quick ways to deliver justice to the citizen of its country without losing the real essence of justice, which includes fairness, unbiased outlook and equality before the law. Thus, the judicial system in the United Kingdom encourages settlement between parties by agreement and speedy trial in case settlement by agreement is not possible. Many disputes that are heard before the Courts get settled before the Courts can believe its final judgement and many disputes are settled between parties before the disputes even come before the Courts. Therefore, the Courts are rapidly encouraging settlement by agreement, as its a faster and a more efficient way of dispute resolution. The Courts go ahead also to include penalties for parties who are not willing to readily follow the said approach of dispute resolution by making them liable for costs of the proceedings which would be allocated to the other party in case of settlement by agreement. Settlement by agreement is an agreement to bring to an end any dispute between two parties by mutual consent following the principle of good faith. The same is an amicable mode of resolving disputes and ending the litigation process between parties or preventing the same. It is become a part of public policy in the United Kingdom to encourage settlement by agreement. In the judgement of the case M. H. Detrick Co v Century Indem Co 299 Ill. App 3d 620 the Court stated that Courts will encourage settlement by agreement and the same will be given full effect. Settlement of any dispute by agreement is permitted before the initiation of court proceedings and during the court proceeding before the courts judgement. Usually, the format of these agreements is in the form of a Consent Order that is in writing which can be enforced if required. In case, of a settlement by agreement, the Consent Form take the place of a Courts Judgement which can be enforced and executed by either f the parties and which includes the order as to which party is liable to bear the costs. Some parties adopt the Tomlin order to settle their disputes, which includes consent order along with an attached schedule to it. The primary feature of Tomlin order is that it permits the parties to include such terms in the order, which even the Court, is not authorised to allow. The most significant reform in settlement by agreements is the provision of Part 36 offer in Civil Procedure regulations in the United Kingdom. The Part 35 offer in the United Kingdom deals with rules that govern the manner in which Courts settle disputes by agreements. It is open to both the parties to a dispute to make a Part 36 offer. If an offer under this section is made by the defendant and the claimant refuses to accept the same, and then claimant will be liable to pay a portion of defendants cost if the sum that is awarded by the court in the final judgement less than what the defendant offered to pay. The same principle will apply in reverse. However, the same will be awarded only when certain formalities as to the said offer is fulfilled. One such formality is that the offer should be open for the other partys acceptance for at least 21 days. It is in the parties favour to make a tempting offer to another party for settlement of disputes and avoid inexpensive litigation. Ho wever, offers made with terms, which are not satisfactory, are allowed to be ignored. Every party before it decides to file a suit in the Court hires an attorney. Therefore, it becomes the duty of the attorney to advice its client on the availability of the option to settle by agreement and assure their clients that it is readily encouraged and accepted by Courts as a means to solve disputes. One primary advantage of this mode of dispute resolution is that the process to attain justice is speedy and inexpensive which every common person in the country is convinced to follow. However, when the parties to a dispute are not ready to accept the settlement by agreement approach to solving disputes, the second option available before the Courts to deliver adequate and quick justice is a speedy trial of the dispute. Many a time, a person may take law in his own hands committing crimes to punish someone after suffering from the said person. However, if the individual is convinced that the regular system in the country can provide him a better and a quicker means to punish his offender, he will opt for the judicial way to punish his offender that will in return eliminate crimes that occur to punish wrongdoers. Therefore, speedy litigation is a key to this problem. On October 1, 2015, the Courts in the United Kingdom came up with a scheme called one-year litigation target. This scheme was enforced to encourage quick and speedy trials. This scheme proposed to end or conclude a case within ten months from the date the case was brought before the court. In case, a dispute between parties cannot be settled by agreement, the Court will adopt the principles of the said scheme to conclude quickly any dispute brought before it. Judgement in this scheme is said to be delivered within six weeks after the trial is completed. For the citizen of the country to adopt the legal way to fight every dispute amongst them, they need to respect the judicial system of the country, which is only possible when the same is favourable and quick. Thus, settlement of disputes by agreement and a speedy trial in case agreement settlement is not materialised will only increase the respect of judiciary in the eye of a common person. Reference List Greene, H., 2015. Undead Laws: The Use of Historically Unenforced Criminal Statutes in Non-Criminal Litigation.Yale Law Policy Review,16(1), p.5. Hanretty, C., 2013. The decisions and ideal points of British Law Lords.British Journal of Political Science,43(03), pp.703-716. Huxley-Binns, R. and Martin, J., 2014.Unlocking the English legal system. Routledge. Kas, B., 2015. European Union Litigation.European Review of Contract Law,11(1), pp.51-75. Martin, J., 2013.The English Legal System, eBook ePub. Hachette UK. Sime, S., 2013.A practical approach to civil procedure. Oxford University Press. Terrill, R.J., 2012.World criminal justice systems: A comparative survey. Routledge. Varney, M. ed., 2010.The European Union Legal Order After Lisbon. Kluwer Law International. Martin, J., 2013.The English Legal System, eBook ePub. Hachette UK. Varney, M. ed., 2010.The European Union Legal Order After Lisbon. Kluwer Law International. Terrill, R.J., 2012.World criminal justice systems: A comparative survey. Routledge. Sime, S., 2013.A practical approach to civil procedure. Oxford University Press. Hanretty, C., 2013. The decisions and ideal points of British Law Lords.British Journal of Political Science,43(03), pp.703-716. Greene, H., 2015. Undead Laws: The Use of Historically Unenforced Criminal Statutes in Non-Criminal Litigation.Yale Law Policy Review,16(1), p.5. Huxley-Binns, R. and Martin, J., 2014.Unlocking the English legal system. Routledge. Kas, B., 2015. European Union Litigation.European Review of Contract Law,11(1), pp.51-75.

Biblical Integration and Counseling Practices free essay sample

Abstract The integration of biblical practices and counseling has been discussed for decades. There is an increased interest in spiritual and emotional health, among Christian counselors and with secular therapists as well. Understanding the differences between implicit and explicit integration practices in therapy help a therapist to decide which techniques should be used appropriately in therapy. There are critics who claim there is no way to properly integrate psychotherapy and biblical practices; however there is a growing interest in religion and clinical practice in American today. The use of prayer and Scripture play a role in the mental health field because clergy are not able to keep up with the demand of counseling their congregation. The values, needs and interests of a client, and respect of the clients preferences should be a considered in therapy to determine whether or not to engage in religious or spiritual practices. Biblical Integration and Counseling Practices The modern mental health field provides a way to help clients who are facing emotional or spiritual pain, social issues, educational difficulties, and financial, legal, or health-related concerns. The field helps clinicians understand the way people act and how they think, which can affect the overall emotional well being of a client. Over the last 50 years, the concept of biblical integration in the therapeutic process has received significant attention. There has been an increasing amount of interest in receiving spiritual practices within the counseling session. Tann (1996) stated the integration of faith and psychotherapy is occurring in other faith communities such as in Jewish, Muslim and even Buddhist religions (p. 365). Although there is significant interest in spiritual practices within counseling, there is also criticism arguing that psychology and /or counseling and biblical integration are not compatible. Some Christians focus only on theology, the study of God and the Bible, as the means to solve problems of mankind and is all man needs. There are strong critics  posing against the mental health field and religion; however, there are many others â€Å"who have arrived at more favorable conclusions about religion and mental health† (Tann, 1996, p. 367). Christian counselors look toward the integration of psychology and theology because it focuses on mental health as well as spiritual growth. More than thirty years ago, most of the religious counseling that occurred was primarily done by the clergy. From a theological perspective, this worked well, but it posed practical concerns. These problems were because many clergy were not trained in psychology, and they were not able to keep up with the amount of clients within the congregation or â€Å"able to meet with clients as often as clients would like† (Worthington, 2009, p. 125). In the 1980s, the area of psychology and Christianity had begun to spark much conversation leading to an approach of a â€Å"Christian psychology† movement. McMinn (2011) stated over the past few decades Christian counselors made progress in reuniting theology and psychology (p. xxi). In the 1990s, the attitudes began to change about religion and psychology. Jones Butman (2011) stated the American Psychological Association (APA) had ignored the topic of religion prior to an article Jones had written to consider religion as a partner in psychology (p. 17). Many clients do not talk about religion during therapy; however there are some clients who do seek out religious concepts. In the late 1980s, theologically conservative clients began to seek out therapists who provided counseling based on specific religious practices. The best approach to counseling is the integration of religion, spirituality, and theories in psychotherapy. Many Christians have a desire to seek to alleviate mental and spiritual suffering and have a healthy relationship with others and God. Concepts of Biblical Integration: Implicit and Explicit It is imperative that therapists not assume feelings experienced by the client or to assume the perceptions of the client. Even if clients indicate they are Christian, it does not mean they will share the same values and beliefs of the therapists. Counselors can become confused about the best way to integrate religious values with psychological techniques to help â€Å"clients with both spiritual and emotional growth† (McMinn, 2011, p. 5). Even though many critics oppose integration of theology and psychology, several practices can be responsibly applied in the counseling process to show respect for Christian values, understand emotional pain, and lead to healing. There are two approaches, implicit and explicit integration, in a clinical practice with counseling and religion. Implicit integration refers to a practice when the therapist does not discuss religion or use spiritual resources like prayer or scripture. Explicit integration works with a person’s spiritual or religious issues in therapy and will use prayer and Scripture as effective techniques in therapy. Even though some therapists are eager to implement Christian counseling and psychotherapy techniques, they should consider their own worldview, assumptions, and views of healing. This attempt begins with the therapist understanding their own attitudes and beliefs and how to bring religion in to a therapy session. Attitudes and Beliefs A properly trained therapist wishing to integrate biblical concepts and psychology should have proper knowledge on how to combine both training and faith. Having an understanding of â€Å"underlying philosophical beliefs, an investigation of theoretical understanding, a careful exploration of scripture, and a thorough reflection on practices to clarify a conceptual position† is necessary for believers and non-believers to relate to the therapist (Alexander, p. 1). It is essential for the therapist to recognize their religious beliefs and values in order to avoid imposing their own values and beliefs on the client. A therapist, who may not be able to tolerate a religious view from a client, may not be able to work effectively with the client and will need to provide a referral. A counselor needs to be aware of how they understand and relate to their own theological and theoretical beliefs, beliefs about the person, and the healing process. Counselors should have competence in theology and psychology when properly integrating both. McMinn (2011) stated when psychologists without theological training attempt to do integration; they often minimize the importance of doctrine, psychologize Christian beliefs, and overlook the historical and sociological context of today’s psychology† (p. 9). Some clients take comfort in knowing the therapist shares the same values or beliefs. Even if values are not shared between the client and therapist,  the session can still â€Å"be done in a highly secular manner without any use of explicit religious interventions† (Hathaway, 2009, p. 108). Prayer Praying can be done with clients, but it does not always have to be out loud. A therapist can still be a religious person in therapy, and still respect the client’s religious values. A therapist could pray silently for the client before, during, or after the session. If a client discloses a desire not to pray or discuss religious practices in therapy, a therapist can still be â€Å"consistent with the therapist’s own religious convictions and beliefs† (Tann, 1996, p. 368) by praying silently for the client. This practice is useful for therapists that do not feel comfortable praying out lout for a client or who may feel they do not have enough knowledge of scripture to help a client. For clients who want to deal with more spiritual or religious issues in therapy, counselors can integrate the use of active â€Å"prayer, scripture, referrals to church, and other religious practices† (Tann, 1996, p. 368). If a therapist is comfortable praying out loud and with the client when appropriate, the therapist should make sure they are comfortable discussing the religious issues with the client. Scripture For Christians, Scripture is a source of authority to help clients during therapy. McMinn (2011) stated Scripture can be used in counseling to help client’s dispute unhealthy self-talk (p. 139). A Christian counselor can filter psychological theories through Scripture. Secular theories that are not in line with the teachings of the Bible can be eliminated for religious clients. Tann (1996) stated religious clients prefer the use of Scripture in therapy (p. 369). Counselors should use caution so not to impose their own interpretation of Scripture on a client. Scripture can be misused in therapy if a therapist uses the Bible in an authoritarian way to convince or even force a client to repent their behaviors as a â€Å"simplistic way to deal with complex problems† (Tann, 1996, p. 375). Therapists can assign homework to clients which consist of Bible studies, and then can be discussed with the therapist during their sessions. Scripture can be helpful for clients who need b iblical truth and be particularly helpful for clients who suffer from Scrupulosity which is a form of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder involving  religious and moral obsessions. The use of Scripture can help the healing process with clients needing reassurance through the word of God. Conclusion The use of prayer and Scripture are great tools for biblical integration in psychology. In order for these to be effective, a therapist should discuss these at the first intake session. There should be an agreement between the client and therapist on whether or not the therapist can use these techniques in therapy. Simply asking clients how important religion is to them can help a therapist understand how valuable the client’s religious beliefs are to a client. A therapist should decide when biblical integration techniques of prayer and Scripture should be appropriately used in therapy. Some of the best counselors will be able to integrate biblical concepts and counseling effectively by â€Å"carefully considering the psychological implications and the effect on the therapeutic relationship† (McMinn, 2011, p. 138). The careful use of psychology and theology can benefit client’s who suffer and when therapists have the proper knowledge between implicit and explicit integration. Tann (1996) stated there are some therapists who believe that the grace of God can work in the therapeutic relationship in a way that the client can grow beyond where the therapist is (p. 378). Psychotherapy or biblical integration used by therapists should always practice in a manner of self-awareness, respect for client values, and be religiously accommodating to deal with religion and spirituality during treatment.